<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://metafora.rcsi.science/xsd_files/journal3.xsd">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">moitvivt</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование, оптимизация и информационные технологии</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Modeling, Optimization and Information Technology</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2310-6018</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Издательство</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26102/2310-6018/2025.51.4.018</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="custom" custom-type="elpub">2055</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Математическое моделирование и имитационное исследование динамики снежных лавин</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Mathematical modeling and simulation study of snow avalanche dynamics</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8926-3151</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Калач</surname>
              <given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kalach</surname>
              <given-names>Andrey Vladimirovich</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>a_kalach@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6150-1090</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Соловьев</surname>
              <given-names>Александр Семенович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Soloviev</surname>
              <given-names>Alexander Semenovich</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>asoloviev58@yandex.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6855-8703</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Лентяева</surname>
              <given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lentyaeva</surname>
              <given-names>Tatyana Vladimirovna</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>mtv_ef2@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дурденко</surname>
              <given-names>Владимир Андреевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Durdenko</surname>
              <given-names>Vladimir Andreevich</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Воронежский институт ФСИН России</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Voronezh Institute of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Воронежский институт ФСИН России</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Voronezh Institute of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">MIREA - Russian Technological University</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Воронежский институт ФСИН России</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Voronezh Institute of the Russian Federal Penitentiary Service</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>10.26102/2310-6018/2025.51.4.018</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © Авторы, 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://moitvivt.ru/ru/journal/article?id=2055"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Проведен сравнительный анализ существующих методов моделирования снежных лавин – физических, имитационных и численных, основанных на механике сплошных сред. Выявлены их допущения, ограничения и особенности применения, препятствующие точному прогнозированию динамики снежной массы и её взаимодействия с препятствиями в естественных условиях. Показано, что дальнейшее развитие методов прогнозирования лавинной опасности и оперативного реагирования на чрезвычайные ситуации связано с использованием интеллектуальных информационных систем поддержки принятия решений, которые должны обладать высокой масштабируемостью, способностью к обработке больших объёмов данных, а также гибкой архитектурой, допускающей интеграцию новых модулей моделирования, анализа и визуализации данных. Предложено решать задачу трёхмерного моделирования лавинного потока с использованием гибридного подхода, сочетающего преимущества физических и имитационных моделей, что обеспечивает оперативность вычислений и адаптивность метода к различным условиям формирования лавин. Разработана модель движения снежной массы, в основу которой положен на модифицированный численный метод гидродинамики сглаженных частиц (SPH). Особенностью метода является использование безразмерных настраиваемых коэффициентов вместо постоянных физических параметров снега и применение гиперболической функции сглаживания, что повышает устойчивость и точность численного расчёта, предотвращая нефизические скопления частиц при сжатии. Проведённые вычислительные эксперименты подтвердили, что предложенная модель адекватно описывает движение снежных масс, позволяет оценивать интенсивность их взаимодействия с объектами инфраструктуры и прогнозировать потенциальные разрушения в лавиноопасных районах.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A comparative analysis of existing methods for snow avalanche modeling – physical, simulation, and numerical approaches based on continuum mechanics. Their assumptions, limitations, and application features have been identified, which hinder accurate prediction of snow mass dynamics and its interaction with obstacles under natural conditions. It has been shown that the further development of avalanche hazard forecasting and emergency response methods is associated with the use of intelligent decision-support information systems that should possess high scalability, the ability to process large data volumes, and a flexible architecture that allows integration of new modules for modeling, analysis, and data visualization. To address the problem of three-dimensional avalanche flow modeling, a hybrid approach is proposed that combines the advantages of physical and simulation models, ensuring computational efficiency and adaptability of the method to various avalanche formation conditions. A model of snow mass movement has been developed, based on a modified numerical method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). A distinctive feature of the method is the use of dimensionless adjustable coefficients instead of constant physical parameters of snow and the application of a hyperbolic smoothing function, which increases the stability and accuracy of numerical calculations while preventing nonphysical particle clustering during compression. The performed computational experiments confirmed that the proposed model adequately describes the motion of snow masses, makes it possible to assess the intensity of their interaction with infrastructure objects, and allows prediction of potential destructive effects in avalanche-prone areas.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>снежные лавины</kwd>
        <kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>гидродинамика сглаженных частиц</kwd>
        <kwd>информационная система</kwd>
        <kwd>имитационное моделирование</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>snow avalanches</kwd>
        <kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>hydrodynamics of smoothed particles</kwd>
        <kwd>information system</kwd>
        <kwd>simulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="cit1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duvillier C., Eckert N., Evin G., Deschâtres M. Development and Evaluation of a Method to Identify Potential Release Areas of Snow Avalanches Based on Watershed Delineation. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023;23(4):1383–1408. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1383-2023</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsuyama Yu., Katsushima T., Takeuchi Yu. Large-Ensemble Climate Simulations to Assess Changes in Snow Stability over Northern Japan. Journal of Glaciology. 2022;69(275):577–590. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2022.85</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dkengne Sielenou P., Viallon-Galinier L., Hagenmuller P., et al. Combining Random Forests and Class-Balancing to Discriminate Between Three Classes of Avalanche Activity in the French Alps. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2021;187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103276</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castebrunet H., Eckert N., Giraud G. Snow and Weather Climatic Control on Snow Avalanche Occurrence Fluctuations over 50 Yr in the French Alps. Climate of the Past. 2012;8(2):855–875. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-855-2012</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pérez-Guillén C., Techel F., Hendrick M., et al. Data-Driven Automated Predictions of the Avalanche Danger Level for Dry-Snow Conditions in Switzerland. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2022;22(6):2031–2056. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2031-2022</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choubin B., Borji M., Mosavi A., Sajedi-Hosseini F., Singh V.P., Shamshirband Sh. Snow Avalanche Hazard Prediction Using Machine Learning Methods. Journal of Hydrology. 2019;577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123929</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evin G., Dkengne Sielenou P., Eckert N., Naveau Ph., Hagenmuller P., Morin S. Extreme Avalanche Cycles: Return Levels and Probability Distributions Depending on Snow and Meteorological Conditions. Weather and Climate Extremes. 2021;33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100344</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirashima H., Nishimura K., Yamaguchi S., Sato A., Lehning M. Avalanche Forecasting in a Heavy Snowfall Area Using the Snowpack Model. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2008;51(2–3):191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.013</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reuter B., Viallon-Galinier L., Horton S., et al. Characterizing Snow Instability with Avalanche Problem Types Derived from Snow Cover Simulations. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2022;194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103462</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaume J., Reuter B. Assessing Snow Instability in Skier-Triggered Snow Slab Avalanches by Combining Failure Initiation and Crack Propagation. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2017;144:6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2017.05.011</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viallon-Galinier L., Hagenmuller P., Eckert N. Combining Modelled Snowpack Stability with Machine Learning to Predict Avalanche Activity. The Cryosphere. 2023;17(6):2245–2260. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2245-2023</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayer S., Techel F., Schweizer J., van Herwijnen A. Prediction of Natural Dry-Snow Avalanche Activity Using Physics-Based Snowpack Simulations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023;23(11):3445–3465. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3445-2023</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bui H.H., Fukagawa R., Sako K., Ohno Sh. Lagrangian Meshfree Particles Method (SPH) for Large Deformation and Failure Flows of Geomaterial Using Elastic–Plastic Soil Constitutive Model. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. 2008;32(12):1537–1570. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.688</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monaghan J.J. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1992;30:543–574.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калач А.В., Лентяева Т.В., Соловьев А.С. Моделирование снежных лавин в пространстве методом динамики частиц. Информатика и системы управления. 2024;(3):20–28.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
</article>