<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="https://metafora.rcsi.science/xsd_files/journal3.xsd">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">moitvivt</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование, оптимизация и информационные технологии</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Modeling, Optimization and Information Technology</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2310-6018</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Издательство</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26102/2310-6018/2025.49.2.014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="custom" custom-type="elpub">1872</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">Повышение достоверности объяснимого искусственного интеллекта посредством нечеткой логики и онтологии</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Enhancing the trustworthiness of explainable artificial intelligence through fuzzy logic and ontology</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5602-2086</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Косов</surname>
              <given-names>Павел Игоревич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Kosov</surname>
              <given-names>Pavel Igorevich</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>pavel_kosov@asoiu.edu.az</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3227-2521</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гардашова</surname>
              <given-names>Латафат Аббас гызы</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Gardashova</surname>
              <given-names>Latafat Abbas qizi</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>l.qardashova@asoiu.edu.az</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff">aff-2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
        <aff xml:lang="ru">Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности</aff>
        <aff xml:lang="en">Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University</aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>10.26102/2310-6018/2025.49.2.014</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © Авторы, 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://moitvivt.ru/ru/journal/article?id=1872"/>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Недостаточная объяснимость моделей машинного обучения длительное время являлась существенной проблемой. Специалисты в различных областях применения искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) стремились к созданию объяснимых и надежных систем. Для решения данной проблемы DARPA разработала современный подход к объяснимому ИИ (XAI). Впоследствии Bellucci и др. расширили концепцию XAI от DARPA, предложив новый метод, основанный на технологиях семантической паутины. В частности, они использовали онтологии OWL2 для представления экспертных знаний, ориентированных на пользователя. Данная система повышает доверие к решениям ИИ путем предоставления более глубоких объяснений. Тем не менее, системы XAI по-прежнему испытывают затруднения в условиях неполных и неточных данных. Мы предлагаем новый подход, использующий нечеткую логику для решения этой проблемы. Наша методика основана на сочетании нечеткой логики и моделей машинного обучения для имитации человеческого мышления. Данный новый подход более эффективно взаимодействует с экспертными знаниями для обеспечения более глубоких объяснений решений ИИ. Система использует экспертные знания, представленные в виде онтологий, что полностью соответствует архитектуре, предложенной Bellucci и др. в их работе. Целью данной работы является не улучшение точности классификации данных, а повышение достоверности и глубины объяснений, полученных от XAI с использованием «объяснимых» свойств и нечёткой логики.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The insufficient explainability of machine learning models has long constituted a significant challenge in the field. Specialists across various domains of artificial intelligence (AI) application have endeavored to develop explicable and reliable systems. To address this challenge, DARPA formulated a contemporary approach to explainable AI (XAI). Subsequently, Bellucci et al. expanded DARPA's XAI concept by proposing a novel methodology predicated on semantic web technologies. Specifically, they employed OWL2 ontologies for the representation of user-oriented expert knowledge. This system enhances confidence in AI decisions through the provision of more profound explanations. Nevertheless, XAI systems continue to encounter difficulties when confronted with incomplete and imprecise data. We propose a novel approach that utilizes fuzzy logic to address this limitation. Our methodology is founded on the integration of fuzzy logic and machine learning models to imitate human thinking. This new approach more effectively interfaces with expert knowledge to facilitate deeper explanations of AI decisions. The system leverages expert knowledge represented through ontologies, maintaining full compatibility with the architecture proposed by Bellucci et al. in their work. The objective of this research is not to enhance classification accuracy, but rather to improve the trustworthiness and depth of explanations generated by XAI through the application of "explanatory" properties and fuzzy logic.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>объяснимый искусственный интеллект</kwd>
        <kwd>объяснимость</kwd>
        <kwd>онтология</kwd>
        <kwd>нечеткая система</kwd>
        <kwd>нечеткая кластеризация</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>explainable artificial intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>explainability</kwd>
        <kwd>ontology</kwd>
        <kwd>fuzzy system</kwd>
        <kwd>fuzzy clustering</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="cit1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dwivedi R., Dave D., Naik H., et al. Explainable AI (XAI): Core Ideas, Techniques, and Solutions. ACM Computing Surveys. 2023;55(9):1–33. https://doi.org/10.1145/3561048</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jo T. Machine Learning Foundations: Supervised, Unsupervised, and Advanced Learning. Cham: Springer; 2021. 391 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65900-4</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saranya A., Subhashini R. A Systematic Review of Explainable Artificial Intelligence Models and Applications: Recent Developments and Future Trends. Decision Analytics Journal. 2023;7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100230</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gunning D., Aha D.W. DARPA’s Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) Program. AI Magazine. 2019;40(2):44–58. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v40i2.2850</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellucci M., Delestre N., Malandain N., Zanni-Merk C. Combining an Explainable Model Based on Ontologies with an Explanation Interface to Classify Images. Procedia Computer Science. 2022;207:2395–2403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.298</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulmanov M., Smaili F.Z., Gao X., Hoehndorf R. Semantic Similarity and Machine Learning with Ontologies. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021;22(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbaa199</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giustozzi F., Saunier J., Zanni-Merk C. A Semantic Framework for Condition Monitoring in Industry 4.0 based on Evolving Knowledge Bases. Semantic Web. 2023;15(3):1–29. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-233481</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourgais M., Giustozzi F., Vercouter L. Detecting Situations with Stream Reasoning on Health Data Obtained with IoT. Procedia Computer Science. 2021;192:507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.08.052</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zadeh L.A. Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control. 1965;8(3):338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aliev R.A., Aliev R.R. Soft Computing and Its Applications. Singapore: World Scientific; 2001. 460 p. https://doi.org/10.1142/4766</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dumitrescu C., Ciotirnae P., Vizitiu C. Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control System Using Soft Computing Applications. Sensors. 2021;21(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082617</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardashova L.A. Synthesis of Fuzzy Terminal Controller for Chemical Reactor of Alcohol Production. In: 10th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions – ICSCCW-2019, 27–28 August 2019, Prague, Czech Republic. Cham: Springer; 2020. P. 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35249-3_13</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosov P., El Kadhi N., Zanni-Merk C., Gardashova L. Advancing XAI: New Properties to Broaden Semantic-Based Explanations of Black-Box Learning Models. Procedia Computer Science. 2024;246:2292–2301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.09.560</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bezdek J.C., Ehrlich R., Full W. FCM: The Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm. Computers &amp; Geosciences. 1984;10(2–3):191–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(84)90020-7</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosov P., El Kadhi N., Zanni-Merk C., Gardashova L. Semantic-Based XAI: Leveraging Ontology Properties to Enhance Explainability. In: 2024 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA), 11–12 December 2024, Manama, Bahrain. IEEE; 2025. P. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/DASA63652.2024.10836289</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones N.A., Ross H., Lynam T., Perez P., Leitch A. Mental Models: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis of Theory and Methods. Ecology and Society. 2011;16(1). URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26268859</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="cit17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horrocks I., Patel-Schneider P.F., Boley H., Tabet S., Grosof B., Dean M. SWRL: A Semantic Web Rule Language Combining OWL and RuleML. World Wide Web Consortium. URL: https://www.w3.org/submissions/SWRL [Accessed 12th March 2025].</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="conflict">
        <p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
</article>